Abitrexate Injection

u2022 Lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and meningeal leukemia.

u2022 Choriocarcinoma and related trophoblastic tumours of women.

u2022 Women with non-metastatic trophoblastic disease, hydatidiform mole and chorioadenoma destruens.

u2022 Carcinomas of the breast, tongue, pharynx and testes (in conjunction with chlorambucil and dactinomycin).

u2022 Carcinoma of the lung and osteogenic sarcomas (high dose ABITREXATE with folinic acid rescue).

u2022 Treatment of severe psoriasis (see Warnings).

u2022 Prevention of graft-versus-host reactions that result from marrow transplantation.

u2022 Dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis (not adequately responding to other therapy), Wegener's granulomatosis and pityriasis rubra pilaris.

ABITREXATE may be given by mouth, or by injection. The dose of ABITREXATE, the dosage frequency, the total dose and combination with other cytostatic medicine and/or folinic acid are subject to frequent modification as scientific knowledge improves.

Lymphoblastic leukaemia: When used for induction, ABITREXATE in doses of 3,3 mg/mu00b2 in combination with prednisone 60 mg/mu00b2 given daily produced remission in 50 % of patients treated, usually within a period of 4 to 6 weeks. ABITREXATE alone or in combination with other agents appears to be the medicine of choice for securing maintenance of medicine-induced remissions. When remission is achieved and supportive care has produced general clinical improvement, maintenance therapy is initiated, as follows: ABITREXATE is administered twice weekly either by mouth or intramuscularly in doses of 30 mg/mu00b2. It has also been given in doses of 2,5 mg/kg intravenously every 14 days. If and when relapse does occur, reinduction of remission can again usually be obtained by repeating the initial induction regime.

Meningeal leukaemia: Some patients with leukaemia are subject to leukaemic invasion of the central nervous system. This may manifest characteristic signs or symptoms or may remain silent and be diagnosed only by examination of the cerebrospinal fluid which contains leukaemic cells in such cases. Therefore, the CSF should be examined in all leukaemic patients. Since passage of ABITREXATE from blood serum to the cerebrospinal fluid is minimal, for adequate therapy the medicine is administered intrathecally. A common approach is to treat such patients as may actually manifest leukaemic involvement by direct intrathecal instillation of ABITREXATE. Intrathecal administration: NOTE: For convenience, and to minimise the risk of overdosage, it is recommended that vials containing 50 mg of preservative-free ABITREXATE, be used for intrathecal administration. Administration is at intervals of 2 to 5 days and is usually repeated until the cell count of the cerebrospinal fluid returns to normal. At this point one additional dose is advised. Large doses may cause convulsions.

The following dosage regimen is based on age instead of body surface area: Age (years) Dose (mg) < 1 1 2 3 or older 6 8 10 12 Similar doses are given prophylactically to patients with lymphoblastic leukaemia, often in association with cranial irradiation. ABITREXATE in intravenous doses of about 500 mg per mu00b2, followed by folinic acid rescue, may also produce effective concentrations in the CSF.

Choriocarcinoma and similar trophoblastic diseases: Doses of 15 to 30 mg daily by mouth or intramuscularly for 5 days, at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks for 3 to 5 courses. Alternatively, 0,25 to 1 mg per kg body-weight up to a maximum of 60 mg has been given intramuscularly every 48 hours for 4 doses, followed by folinic acid rescue, and repeated at intervals of 7 days. Since hydatidiform mole may precede or be followed by choriocarcinoma, prophylactic chemotherapy with ABITREXATE has been recommended. Chorioadenoma destruens is considered to be an invasive form of hydatiform mole. ABITREXATE administered in these disease states in doses similar to those recommended for choriocarcinoma.

Breast carcinoma: Prolonged cyclic combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, ABITREXATE and fluorouracil has given good results when used as adjuvant treatment to radical mastectomy in primary breast cancer with positive axillary lymph nodes. ABITREXATE dosage was 40 mg/mu00b2 intravenously on the first and eighth days. Combination chemotherapy may be necessary in patients with metastases. A range of doses of ABITREXATE has been used in the management of solid tumours. Very high doses have been given by intravenous infusion, followed by folinic acid, in patients with osteogenic sarcoma and carcinoma of the lung and of the head and neck.

Psoriasis: ABITREXATE has been given by mouth, intramuscularly, and intravenously in the treatment of psoriasis. Single weekly doses of 10 to 25 mg may be given by mouth or injection. Alternatively 2,5 mg has been administered by mouth every 12 hours for 3 doses or every 8 hours for 4 doses each week or 2,5 mg may be given daily by mouth for 5 days out of 7. High-dose therapy: High dose therapy should be used only by qualified specialists in suitable hospital setting.

u2022 Hypersensitivity to methotrexate.

u2022 ABITREXATE is contra-indicated in pregnancy and in lactation. (See pregnancy and lactation).

u2022 ABITREXATE is contra-indicated in patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis with serious renal or liver disorders, bone marrow hypoplasia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, anaemia, and alcohol abuse.

u2022 Safety and efficacy in children have not been established other than in cancer chemotherapy.

ABITREXATE should be administered under the supervision of a medical doctor experienced in the use of chemotherapeutic agents. ABITREXATE is an irritant; avoid contact with skin and mucous membranes. Deaths have been reported with the use of ABITREXATE in the treatment of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. In the treatment of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, ABITREXATE should be restricted to severe recalcitrant, disabling psoriasis which is not adequately responsive to other forms of therapy, but only when the diagnosis has been established by biopsy and/or dermatological consultation.

The effects of ABITREXATE may be enhanced by concurrent administration of aminobenzoic acid, chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, probenecid, salicylates, sulphonamides, doxorubicin, bleomycin, cyclophoshamide, aminoglycosides, allopurinol, vincristine, hydrocortisone, prednisone, asparaginase, cytosine arabinoside and tetracyclines. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) should not be administered prior to or simultaneously with high dose ABITREXATE treatment (>10 mg methotrexate per week). Increased serum levels of ABITREXATE have been reported at simultaneous administration of some NSAIDS with high dose ABITREXATE resulting in death by serious haematologic or gastro-intestinal toxicity. NSAIDS, salicylates and other weak organic acids, like probenecid, can lower tubular secretion of ABITREXATE resulting in increased toxicity. Use of ABITREXATE with these drugs should be made carefully under strict supervision. The potential toxicity of ABITREXATE is increased in particular with simultaneous use of NSAIDS when diuretics are also used. In rheumatology, a combination therapy of low-dose ABITREXATE and a NSAID is commonly used. Care should be taken in combining high dose ABITREXATE with potentially nephrotoxic therapy (e.g. cisplatin).

Oral antibiotics (including tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and non-absorbable broad-spectrum antibiotics) may influence the intestinal flora and inhibit ABITREXATE (re) absorption. Interaction with therapeutic radiation may occur. In combination with other cytostatic medicines pharmacodynamic interactions may occur; resulting in increased therapeutic activity and increased toxicity. No vaccination with live virus vaccines should be performed in patients receiving ABITREXATE. Partial or total protection can be obtained through inactivated vaccines. In some cases a potentiation of bone marrow suppression in patients treated with ABITREXATE by trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole has been reported, probably by additional folic acid antagonism. The combined use of ABITREXATE and sulphonamides is therefore strongly advised against. Vitamin preparations containing folic acid or folic acid derivatives may decrease the effect of systemically administered ABITREXATE. Preliminary human and animal studies have shown that after intravenous administration of calcium folinate a small amount penetrates into the cerebrospinal fluid, predominantly as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and this amount is a factor 1 to 3 lower than the normal ABITREXATE concentration after intrathecal administration. Nevertheless high doses of calcium folinate may lower the effectivity of intrathecally administered ABITREXATE. Folate deficiencies may increase ABITREXATE toxicity.

ABITREXATE must not be used during pregnancy and lactation. See Contra-indications and Side-effects (Urogenital and Other disorders)

Not specified in the provided text.

In general the incidence and severity of acute side effects is related to the dosage and frequency of administration. The most frequent adverse effects are ulcerative stomatitis, leucopenia, nausea and gastro-intestinal problems. Other frequently occurring side-effects are feeling unwell, inexplicable fatigue, chills and fever, dizziness and reduced resistance to diseases.

The undesirable effects with ABITREXATE are summarized by organ system. Gastro-intestinal disorders: Frequent: Gingivitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, heamatemesis, melena, gastro-intestinal ulceration and bleeding and enteritis. When vomiting, diarrhoea, or stomatitis occurs, with possible dehydration, ABITREXATE treatment should be discontinued until recovery. ABITREXATE should be used with extreme care in case of peptic ulcer or ulcerative colitis.

Haematological (Blood disorders): Frequent: ABITREXATE may suppress haematopoiesis and cause anaemia, leucopenia and/or thrombocytopenia. In patients with existing haematopoietic insufficiencies ABITREXATE should be used with care, or not at all. In psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis treatment should be discontinued immediately in case of a significant drop in the blood count. In the treatment of neoplasia, ABITREXATE may only be continued if the possible cure justifies the risk of serious myelosuppression. Myelosuppression may also occur after intrathecal administration of ABITREXATE. Patients with serious granulocytopenia and fever should undergo immediate evaluation and usually require parenteral broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Hepato-biliary disorders: Less frequent: ABITREXATE may cause acute (increase in transaminases) or chronic (fibrosis and cirrhosis) hepatotoxicity. Chronic toxicity is potentially lethal. It usually occurs after chronic use (mostly 2 years or longer) and after a total dose of at least 1,5 g. In studies with psoriasis patients, hepatotoxicity appeared to be determined by the total cumulative dose. The effect is potentiated by alcoholism, obesity, diabetes and advanced age. A correct correlation has not yet been determined. Information on progression and reversibility of lesions is not available. Care should be taken in the presence of existing liver damage or decreased liver function. Liver function tests, including serum albumin should be carried out regularly prior to administration. Test results are often normal in cases of fibrosis and cirrhosis. These conditions can only be diagnosed by biopsy. In case of psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis it is recommended to perform a liver biopsy after a total cumulative dose of 1,5 g. Intermediate fibrosis or any cirrhosis usually prompts discontinuation of the therapy. Although mild changes usually are no reason to avoid or discontinue ABITREXATE treatment, the drug should be used with care.

Immune system disorders: Less frequent: ABITREXATE should be used with extreme care in case of active infection and usually is contra-indicated in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes. During an ABITREXATE treatment immunisation may not be effective. Immunisation with live vaccine is usually not recommended. Disseminated vaccinia infections have been reported after a small pox immunization in patients undergoing ABITREXATE treatment. Hypogammaglobulinaemia has been observed less frequently.

Nervous system disorders: Less frequent: Headache, drowsiness, blurred vision, aphasia, hemiparesis, paresis and convulsions have been reported after ABITREXATE administration. There are reports of leucoencephalopathy after intravenous administration of ABITREXATE to patients who underwent craniospinal irradiation. Chronic leucoencephalopathy was also reported in patients with osteosarcoma who were administered high dosages of ABITREXATE with calcium folinate rescue therapy, even without cranial irradiation. Discontinuation of ABITREXATE treatment does not always result in complete recovery. A transient acute neurological syndrome has been observed in patients who underwent high dose ABITREXATE treatment. The clinical manifestations may consist of abnormal behaviour, focal sensomotoric phenomena, and abnormal reflexes. The exact cause of these symptoms is unknown. After intrathecal administration of ABITREXATE, the possible toxic side-effects pertaining to the central nervous system may be classified in the following way: - chemical arachnoiditis with symptoms such as headache, backache, neck stiffness and fever - paresis, usually transient, with paraplegia involving one or more spinal nerve roots - leucoencephalopathy with confusion, agitation, somnolence, ataxia, dementia and sometimes serious convulsions.

Respiratory (Pulmonary) disorders: Less frequent: Death by interstitial pneumonitis has been reported and chronic interstitial obstructive lung disease sometimes occurred. Pulmonary symptoms (in particular a dry, non-productive cough) or a non-specific pneumonitis during the ABITREXATE treatment may indicate a potentially dangerous lesion and require discontinuation of the treatment and a thorough examination. Although symptoms may be varying, a patient with ABITREXATE induced lung disease typically shows fever, cough, dyspnoea, hypoxemia and infiltration in lung radiography. An infection should be excluded. This condition may occur at any dosage. ABITREXATE related lung pathology has rarely been described after intrathecal administration of ABITREXATE. At the onset of ABITREXATE induced lung disease, the re-administration of ABITREXATE is contra-indicated.

Urogenital disorders: Frequent: Serious nephropathy or renal insufficiency, azotemia, cystitis and haematuria, defective oognesis or spermatogenesis, transient oligospermia, menstrual dysfunction and vaginal discharge, infertility, abortion, foetal deviations, suppression of spermatogenesis, loss of libido, and impotence may occur. High dosages of ABITREXATE may cause renal toxicity with acute renal insufficiency. Nephrotoxicity is usually caused by the deposition of ABITREXATE and 7-hydroxymethotrexate in the renal tubuli.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Less frequent: Erythema, pruritus, urticaria, photosensitivity, depigmentation, alopecia, ecchymosis, telangiectasia, acne, furunculosis. Psoriatric lesions may worsen by exposure to UV-radiation. Radiation dermatitis and sunburn may flare up by ABITREXATE administration. A few cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Steven Johnson syndrome were reported.

Other disorders: Less frequent: Other rare adverse effects related to or ascribed to the use of ABITREXATE are arthralgia/myalgia, diabetes, osteoporosis, lymphomas, opportunistic infections, vasculitis, and sudden death. Incidental cases of anaphylactic reactions have been reported. Also pancytopenia and sudden increase in the number of rheumatoid nodules have been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fatalities have occurred. Neurotoxic reactions are especially associated with the intrathecal use of ABITREXATE. Teratogenic effects and foetal deaths have been reported.

See u201c Side-effects and Precautions u201d. Folinic acid neutralises the immediate toxic effect of ABITREXATE on the bone marrow and is given by mouth, intramuscularly, by intravenous bolus injection, or by infusion as calcium folinate. When overdosage is suspected, the dose of calcium folinate should be at least as high as that of ABITREXATE and should be administered within the first hour; further doses are given as required. When average doses of ABITREXATE have an adverse effect, the equivalent of 12 mg of folinic acid may be given intramuscularly every 6 hours for 4 doses. The majority of a dose is excreted unchanged in the urine within 24 hours. Bound ABITREXATE may be retained in the body for many months. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.